A Guide OSCOLA referencing system

The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities or the OSCOLA referencing standard is normally used to cite cases, law reports, legal journals, legislation and any other law-related item or source of specialised literature. It contains a set of strict rules that the student learning to use the OSCOLA referencing standard needs to know. Proper knowledge of such referencing rules is a prerequisite for writing excellent legal papers.

The OSCOLA referencing standard was designed by Oxford University. The Oxford Law Faculty, after wide consultations with the OSCOLA Editorial Advisory Board, revised the system so as to facilitate an accurate citation of legal materials, legislation, case laws and so on and so forth. Currently, many book publishers, law schools and law journals encourage their students to use the OSCOLA standard in the United Kingdom and many other countries worldwide. For more details about this referencing standard, check dedicated sections from several websites including: University of Portsmouth, the University of Salford and University of the West of England.

Main traits

In any academic paper, the student needs to back up their paper by citing the sources for development of their concepts. This can be done within the text or in footnotes. The same applies to all law and law-related papers. Legal writing normally cites legal sources like statuses and cases along with secondary sources including specialised websites, books, policy statements or journal articles. The OSCOLA referencing standard heavily relies on footnotes for citations. To this respect, in-text citations and end notes are not used in papers which use this system. Theses, books and other work, however, may have citations in tables of legislation and cases and legislation or even in lengthy bibliographies.

Punctuation

The OSCOLA referencing standard involves the use of very little or no punctuation totally. Full stops are never used after abbreviations e.g. the student should write AB, not A.B. In a case comprising of two parties, it should be indicated as “versus” also abbreviated as v. There should be no full stop at the end. A comma is used to separate parts of a reference for a book. The comma is usually found between the title of the book and the name of the author. A colon is placed between the title of a publication and the subtitle. For instance; “Human Trafficking: Law and Practice”.

Citing books and book chapters

The OSCOLA referencing standard, like any other referencing standard, has a number of rules for citing books, sections of books and even chapters. If a book has just one author, it is cited as follows: author’s first name or initials, his/her surname, title of the book in italics, the edition, publisher’s name, place and date of publication. The last four items should appear in brackets. After which, the page numbers for the sources are included. For instance:

Patricia Ewick, The Common Place of Law (1st ed. The University of Chicago Press, London 1998) 37

In case of a book with more than one author, the student should use use (ed) or (eds) after the name(s) of the authors e.g.:
Rogers John Marshall (ed), Healy Michael P. (ed), Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Administrative law, (Wolters Kluwer, Law and Business 2008) 85
In case you’ve cited more than one work done by the same author you ought to list all the works in a chronological order. You don’t have to write the name of the author before every title; just mention the name before the first item and then replace it with two dashes just before other titles.
Example: Kim HLA, Law, Civilisation and Morality (CUP 1996)
– -Ethics and Responsibility (OUP 2001)

Citing Parliamentary Debates

The OSCOLA referencing standard requires the writer to mention whether the debate took place in the House of Lord Hansard or House of Commons or House of Lords Hansard (HL and HC, respectively), followed by an abbreviation “Deb” along with the date, number and column number. All printed pages should have two columns and a “W” placed after the number of the column in the case of HC debates, “WA” before the column number in the case of HL debates. “WA” simply means written answer. The online Hansard should be cited in the same version as the printed one.
HL Deb 4 March 2000, vol 407, cols 659-36

Citing EU Treaties and Legislation

When citing EU legislations and treaties, a student is expected to mention the title treaty title, year of publication, series of the Official Journal, the issue and page numbers where those citations are found. For instance: Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community [2010] OJ C 84/3

Citing Law Reports and Cases

In the UK, the most importance source for your law report is usually obtained by providing a neutral citation. This applies to cases written after 2001.The most authoritative source, Official Law Reports, should also be cited. Weekly Law Reports would be the next best and then All England Reports. These three sources are the most preferred citations more especially where you cite a case which exclusively includes a specialist series such as the Family Law Reports.

OSCOLA referencing standard requires all case names to be written in the lower case using italics. The date should also be written in square or round brackets. Round brackets are usually applied for the less important dates like those of reports which use the year by year numbering sequence to label the volumes of publication. On the other hand, square brackets are used where there dates of reports for several volumes that number the same sequence within a particular year.

Example:
Eric & Peter BC [2001]5 AC710 (HL)
If the party is named Eric & Peter BC, 1990 is the year of the report, 5 is the volume number, AC is the law report title’s abbreviation and HL is the name of the court.

Judgments passed in the High Court or other courts above it are usually assigned a “neutral citation” with a view to locating cases published on the Internet. These include those which have not been reported in the law report series.
Example: Steve v Duncan & Co [2010] UKSC 36, [2011]2 AC118
Names of the parties involved: Steve v Duncan & Co.
Neutral citation: 36th Supreme Court judgement passed in 2010,
Citation to the source where the case has been reported: [2011]2 AC118.

Journal articles

For journal articles, OSCOLA referencing standard applies under a very different rule: the student should write down the name of the author before the article’s title. However, article titles, unlike those of books, are not written in italics. The Main words in the title should also start with capital letters.

Titles for Law Journal articles are also abbreviated. In this regard, the Cardiff Index of Legal Abbreviations will be of great help to the student as a source for more information. Dates of cited articles should be written with the same rules for citation of Law Reports in practice. The volume number, month or issue number (written in brackets where the issue of the journal starts with page 1) and the article page should be written in that order.

Chris J. Johnson, ‘Business and Politics: How Politics Influences (2004) 75 HLR 850
For all journal articles which are exclusively available online, the full URL and date on which the site has been accessed should be mentioned as well.
Example:
C Bovis, ‘Future Directions in Public Service Partnerships in the EU
(2011) 2 (2) KLO< http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/toc.php?area=journals&mode=bypub&level=5&values=journals~~european+business+law+review~Volume+24+(2013)view¬_48) > accessed 5 August 2013

Encyclopedias
The OSCOLA referencing standard usually cites encyclopaedias in much the same manner as citing books. But you should be keen to exclude editors, overseer auditors and publishers. The edition, year, date and number of issue should also be included. It is normally indicated at the foot of the page).
Example:
International Encyclopaedia of Comparative Law (1st ed., 1990) vol 3 para 19 IALS Chap 6 April 1990

Newspaper Articles
With regard to newspaper articles the writer ought to mention the name of the author, full title of the article and newspaper title and then parentheses which contain the city, date and pages.

Example:

Thomas Peterson, ‘Supreme Court Decision Triggers Outrage among Students’ The Guardian (London 5 Sep 2009) 5
According to the OSCOLA referencing standard, the following rules apply to citation of case notes: where there is no title for an article, mention the name of involved parties in quotes and then add “(case comment)” or “(case note) before citation of the journal.

Citing Websites and Blogs
In citing free websites like government departments as well as professional organisations, you ought to mention the name of the author or corporate author, the title in single inverted commas), type of document ,the full URL and date of access. For instance:
The Associated Press ‘SEC Proxy Access Rule Vacated. Corporate Counsel (FindLaw, 25 December 2012)
http://corporate.findlaw.com/finance/sec-proxy-access-rule-vacated.html

OSCOLA referencing standard involves the use of footnotes at the bottom of the page. A running number which is used as an indicator for a footnote usually follows the referenced sentences. When subsequent references to the same book are made, a new footnote should only mention the name of the author, number of original footnote in parentheses and then the new page which you have cited e.g.:

Hans Kelsen puts forth the argument that “a command binds, not because the individual who is commanding has the actual superiority in power, but because he/she is empowered or authorised to issue commands or decrees of a binding nature.” (1). He further says that the “binding force of a command or decree isn’t derived from the command itself rather the conditions under which that condition has been issued.” (2)

—————-
1 H Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey, 2007) 32
2 Kelsen (n 1) 33

Modern Language Association style standards

The Modern Language Association style is used to write papers in the field of liberal arts and humanities. Also abbreviated as MLA formatting style, it is used by many universities throughout the world. In this article, we shall look at the general format and outline of MLA research papers along with information concerning in-text citations, footnotes and other characteristics of MLA formatting style. All information is presented according to the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd edition and
the MLA Handbook for Writers on Research Papers, 7th edition.

The MLA General Format

The MLA formatting style provides some general guidelines with regard to the format of manuscripts along, correct usage of the English language and a system of referencing using parenthetical citations and works cited in essays. Proper usage of MLA formatting style totally assures the author of credibility by protecting them against any accusations of plagiarism. Nonetheless, some things are more important in determining an author’s credibility than just providing accountability for the source of information.

Formatting guidelines for the MLA formatting style include:
• Print your academic work on a standard paper measuring(8.5 11 inches)
• Double-space the text with legible font (Usually, Times New Roman is highly recommended). In case you decide to use other fonts, the regular writing and italics should be easily differentiated. 12 is the recommended font size.
• Only one space should be left after punctuation marks unless the examiner or instructor directs otherwise.
• 1-inch margins should be left on all sides of the document.
• The first line in every paragraph should be indented by exactly half an inch. An easier way is to use the Tab Key rather than pressing the Space Bar up to five times.
• Insert a header with the page numbers on the upper-right corner of the document, half an inch from the top and correctly flushing with the paper’s right margin. But if the examiner insists that you should omit numbering on the first page, follow the instruction. The examiner’s instructions are superior to MLA’s guidelines in such a case.
• Italics should be used to write names of longer works on the paper. Emphasis should also be laid if it’s necessary.
• Endnotes should be included on an unformatted separate page just before the page of Cited Works. After entitling it as “Notes”, format it to have it at the centre of the page.

The First Page
These guidelines are applicable for the MLA formatting style for an essay:
• The title page should not be written unless expressly specified by the instructor.
• The name of the student, name of the instructor, the course and date should be written on the upper-left corner of the first page. The text should be double-spaced.
• Double space the text, add the title and then centre it. Avoid using italics, quotation marks and underlining. Capitalise all them main words in the title (Title Case).
• Italics and quotation marks are used when referring to another author’s works in the title; for instance, Literary Styles in “2013: King of the Jungle”; Theories of interpreting Literature applied in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
• Double space all the details between the title of the essay and the first paragraph.
• Page headers should be inserted on the upper-right corner with the page number and the writer’s last name in Arabic numerals. It should be set half an inch from the top before flushing it with the right margin. But if the instructor requires you to avoid this feature, do so please.

In-Text Citations

MLA formatting style requires parenthetical references to be set right before the concluding punctuation mark that ends the sentence containing the cited information. Examples:
o If you want to have the author’s name in the text: Jameson has undertaken several experiments which substantiate the theory mentioned above (343-349).
o If you want to include the name of the author in brackets: Several experiments have substantiated this theory (Jameson 343-349).
o If you are citing source volumes, the surname of the author should be written first, before the volume number and colon. Then the page range can be written down: (Lukasz 4: 31-34)
o Online sources should be cited in the same manner. If an online source does not have page numbers, it should be omitted from the parenthetical reference. For instance, this is an online source containing numbered paragraphs: (Goodman, pars. 26-29)

The MLA formatting style’s general guidelines for in-text citations include:
• References are placed in a sentence’s pauses. For example, before a comma, semicolon or period next to relevant material.
• The page number and name of the author from whom information has been extracted should be cited in brackets. Where multiple sources in one reference are being cited, they should be separated by a semicolon.
• Where page numbers are not mentioned, e.g. web pages, they can be omitted from the reference list.
• When noting down corporate authors such as the company or organisation behind the paper, just cite the name. When a name is too long, you may choose to include it in the sentence instead of using brackets e.g. there is evidence of innumerable facts that support this claim (National Research Council 122); The National Population Council has a different view (123).

Indirect Sources

As a general rule, information from secondhand or indirect sources should be avoided. It’s a good practice to add “qtd. in” when quoting or paraphrasing from indirect sources just before mentioning the source, in brackets: Jefferson does not subscribe to this “immoral practice” (qtd. in Jefferson 219). If you are quoting from classic literary works, you should the page number followed by a semicolon and other information for identification of the right sentence or passage: (Wesley 52; pt 3, ch. 2)

List of Cited Works

MLA Formatting Style recommends the use of a list of Cited Works which is included just after doing your paper, for helping your readers to locate the sources you have used for your paper. The list should contain the heading “Cited Works”.
Write the surname first before other names of the author. Where there are multiple editors or authors, it’s only the first author whose surname is written first e.g.: Michael, Daniel, and Chingkim Chengun. If the authors are too many, you can write the surname of the first author and then add “et al”. The titles should be italicized.

Book references should also contain all the details, when using the MLA formatting style, in this order: author’s name, complete book title, edition (where mentioned), place of publication, publisher’s name (shortened), date of publication and the medium of publication. The medium can be an audiotape, film, CD, web, television, radio, email, interview, oil on canvas or digital file. If a software program is mentioned, it should be italicized.

The basic format is: Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Place of Publication: The Publisher, Year when Published. Medium of Publication.
Example: Shakespeare, William. 1597. Heuer Publishing. Print.
For chapters or essays in anthologies and edited books, the details which need the MLA formatting style guidelines include: the chapter or essay, name of the author, title, book title, name of editors or compilers, place of publication, publisher’s name (also shortened), the date of publication, page range and the medium of publication.

Example:
Kuratko, Donald. “Initiating Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice. 9th edn. Kim Kellogg. Cengage Learning, 2008. 152-175. Print.

Citing Journal Articles, Newspapers and Magazines
When writing references for a periodical article, the following details are essential: author, title of the article, title of the journal newspaper or magazine where the article was published, volume number, date of publication, page range and the medium of publication. Issue numbers should be written as decimals to indicate volume number after the decimal point (for instance, 19.2 is volume 19, issue 2). When citing a newspaper, it is recommended that you specify the edition as the material could vary among different editions.

Examples:
For a journal article that has been written by two authors: Kevin Jones, Chris Edward. “The nature of man with respect to intelligence, love and desire” Critical and Creative Thinking 202 (Dec 2012): 18-38
Referencing a magazine article:
Kimberly, MN. “Sports Today: ABC Stars prepared to win the Champions League “The People 18 Nov. 2012: 22-24. Print

Citing Websites
Unless the instructor directs, MLA formatting style doesn’t require mentioning of web URLs in citations. But if you choose to include it then you ought to write it after the date of access to the website enclosed in brackets and a period at the end. Where pagination is not continuous or unavailable, you should write the phrase “n. pag.” when you are citing the web source.

Examples of Web Entries:
University of Hertfordshire Library. “Psychology BSc (Hons).” University of Hertfordshire Library, 2013. Web. 7 August 2013 < http://www.herts.ac.uk/courses/psychology >.

Articles in Online Periodicals
Kate, Gough. “International Development Planning Review.”, Liverpool University Press 13 Apr. 2013: n. pag. Web 7 Aug 2013.

Example of Encyclopaedia Entry
“Tesla, Nikola.” Encyclopaedia of Technology and Innovation Management Online. Encyclopedia of Technology and Innovation Management, 2010. Web. 7 Aug. 2013.

For more information the MLA formatting style, please visit www.library.uvic.ca and http://www.mla.org/

Business Development Dissertation Writing

The success of business development is based upon far more than just a sale. Business development typically demands a multidisciplinary analysis that is the end-outcome of detailed research and study. When you become well-versed in how to write a business development essay, it is then that you will be able to ascertain the methods used to assist business development. For example, some of these strategies involve financial strategies, legal strategies, and marketing strategies.

For your benefit, The Uni Tutor provides students with custom business development papers that are started from scratch by graduates of business, commerce, and finance degrees. Our custom paper writing service is accessible to any student that requires help when they are learning how to write their business development essay. For those that have recently started university, it is imperative that you put in all the necessary elements in your essay. The Uni Tutor’s best essay writing service will show to you that there is not much involved in learning how to write a business development essay. Business development involves the actions of integrating a various number of core practices to increase sales and customer development. Constructing a business involved constantly evaluating and benchmarking its standards using sales, marketing, repeat customer, and customer complaint metrics. In other words, when you are a student you should use various sales, accounting, legal, and risk benchmarks to learn how to adequately write your business development essay. When you are learning how to write a business development essay, your facts and arguments should focus on sectors and industries that are said to be growing in the next few years. If you illustrate the aforementioned facts, you will show to your teacher that you know how to write a business development essay that grasps the attention of the reader.

One of the essential traits of business writing is to applying a factual, rigorous analysis of every metric calculated in the business. Moreover, you should ensure your writing is crisp, concise, and easy to read.

Writing the Essay

Your business development essay is intended to be developed in the same way as an essay: introduction, body, and conclusion. Since you are only learning how to write a business development essay. It is recommended that you write an essay outline. Furthermore, you need to ensure that you have researched proper materials from a range of resources when writing your essay. After you have completed your business development essay, you can contact The Uni Tutor and get your essay marked by an expert business development essay writer.

A business communication degree allows one to start in a range of different careers. For example, one can work in accounting, finance, investment banking or risk management. Hence, refining the skill is essential to obtaining a first class grade. Fundamentally, a business communication paper is intended to illustrate your base-knowledge of the various methods that businesses use to market their products or services. As a result of the broad scope of a business communications degree is moderately developing as the most commonly studied degree. Thus, learning how to write a business communication paper will allow you to get you an A Grade.

When you are writing a business communication paper, you must ensure that you be persuasive in order to gain a top grade. To start a business communication degree, it is needed that you discuss internal or external communications. More specifically, a business communication degree requires you to integrate such business facets as marketing, corporate communication, public relations, and consumer behaviour.

You will later appreciate that while you learn how to write a business communication paper, it ought to be written according to standards of writing, grammar, punctuation, tone, composition, and persuasion. Both internal and external communication refers to actual communication within a business and communication amongst businesses and the public with the intention of marketing a service or product. It is of course an on-going process – that is, one in which the sender (or encoder) or conveys verbal or non-verbal communication.

Your predominant focus as a student in learning how to write a business communication paper is that of developing a positive communication. You should take into account what your target market thinks, since they are the ones reading your paper. In understanding how to write a business communication paper you must ensure that you have a strong position with which to argue your facts. The Uni Tutor offers a perfect service to write your business communication research paper.

Prior to commencing your essay or paper, you must ensure that you write a well-defined essay plan. Your essay plan should include your introduction, a body plan, or conclusion. Your introduction is that your thesis is backed by facts. Ideally, your introduction catches your audience’s attention. Be bold, be daring, and be creative. Too many students focus on solely following mundane, conventional advice. Following conventional advice will get you conventional results.

To illustrate this point, when writing a business communication paper, you must employ introductory and concluding sentences. In addition, when you write your business communication paper, you must learn how to relate your body paragraphs relate to your overall thesis.

You must illustrate when writing your business communication paper that business communication issues play a pivotal role in enhancing the role of a business or corporation. In doing so, you evidently need to be aware, in general, of the nature of the functioning of a business. Moreover, you should note that communication can occur through various different mediums. There exist many students who have hesitation in writing a business communication paper and need to put more time to thinking about the overall structure and thesis of the paper. If your business communication paper follows the advice we put forward above, then you will be bound to receive a top grade.

Writing an Anthropology Essay: A detailed guide to writing a Standard 2:1 or B+ Grade College or University Essay

When it is time for you to pick a subject when writing your anthropology essay, you ought to, at all times, pick a subject area for which you have a strong or at least reasonable knowledge. Knowledge about a particular topic makes the strenuous task of writing an essay far easier than if you did not have any knowledge to begin with. That said, however, it is not beneficial to pick a topic solely based upon your liking of the subject. Instead, you ought to base your decision on what topic to decide upon your actual comprehension of the subject area. You always ought to commence writing your anthropology essay.

Crafting a 1st Class Anthropology essay involves you to understand the question and topic areas underlying assumptions and conclusions. Having a strong understanding of the question gives you the ability to prepare for the essay. It is essential that we at The Uni Tutor bring your attention to the point that education is a life-learning process entailing continual learning. Moreover, it is imperative that students become aware that many trivial, small, and minute details. Don’t fall into the error of examining even the commas in the question. That’s pointless. You want a 1st Class grade.

A Catchy Title!

After comprehending the title, it is essential to place the title in its relevant domain and context. Essay titles are not selected randomly. Your college professors pick them to examine your knowledge of the courses being examined. To examine this point further, it should be clear that the essay titles aims to cover the entire array of the course. Thus, you ought to be able to ascertain the relevant research materials much easier. You should use a variety of research materials to assist you in developing your arguments. By way of example, you ought to ask yourself, when undertaking research, ‘how does this help me’, or ‘does this advance or retract from my argument’. Asking yourself the aforementioned questions will assist you a great deal in writing your essay.

It is usually the case the anthropology essays have a lengthy word limit. Thus, extensive research is required before you commence writing your essay. Remember to stay on track. Many students are prone to research minute details that are not essential in the broader scheme of their essay’s argument. In other words, if you find you research materials quickly, then you can write your essay much quicker. Another tip is to use the suggested reading materials provided in the course outline.

Research, More Research and Reading

Here, at The Uni Tutor we advise our students to starting researching and reading as soon as they receive their essay question. Anthropology questions usually have a great deal of reading to do, given the non-mathematical approach of anthropology. Most important is that fact that you need to prioritise what you are going to read. You should construct a schedule to assist yourself in the best way to do this. Don’t pull an all-nighter when conducting your research. Conducting research is time consuming approach and should be done methodically.

When conducting your research, you should take note of differing opinions and conclusions regarding matters of interpretation. You should bear in mind that your professor is always looking for a well-constructed essay. When you are preparing to write your anthropology essay, you should focus on planning the content and the development of the essays arguments. Some students find using diagrams useful. In doing so, dividing up your essay and research will help you prioritise certain segments of your essay.

Moreover, it is essential that you learn where to put quotes in your essays. Do not simply list quotes. Quotes should have significant meaning in either proving an argument or disproving an opposing view. In doing so, you should remember citation rules and not violate plagiarism rules. So please, remember to construct your anthropology with proper diligence and care. Remember end result when writing your essay.

From mouth to pen

What is required from now is that you write coherently and persuasively. It is indeed difficult to write everything all in one go. Instead, put your efforts in writing separate and distinct sections of your essay. As a result of so-called writer’s block, you should be aware that editing and proofreading become paramount when you learn how to write your anthropology essay. What you will observe is that keeping a good focus on your introduction and body is essential. The conclusion should allow the reader to capture the entire gist of the paper.
In other words, when your write your anthropology essay you should note the underlying theme or message of the essay. This underlying theme should be evident throughout the entirety of your anthropology essay.

Academic Essay Help for Accounting Student

Accounting is, by far, the most fundamental aspect in analysing a business. Dealing with the flow of data and numbers between different business groups and divisions play a vital role to managers, employees, and shareholders.

The incredible complexity involved in accounting for a business’s transactions is reliant and depends on the type, size, and nature of the businesses functions. If you want to master the craft in learning how to write an accounting essay, you without a doubt need to gain a familiarity with the specific type of accounting requested by your professors. This could, for example, be either management accounting or financial accounting. Accounting is a broad and varied discipline and, as a result, there is no one method involved in approaching the discipline.

Organising your Time

The initial step in learning how to write an accounting essay is how you prioritise the different sections in the assignment. Many students make the well-known mistake of leaving the work for the final few days before the due date. Obviously, this is not recommended. Leaving a task to the last minute can lead to a poorly researched task and, worst of all, incorrect calculations especially given the precise and technical nature of the discipline. Thus, what we are trying to tell you at The Uni Tutor is that you should not leave any task to the last limit.

The Research Stage

Fortunately for students today, there exists almost unlimited access to journal articles, books, and statistics. A great deal of these is free. Check out our accounting resources guide for more information. That said, however, the internet is not even close to being the be-all and end-all of the entire repository of human knowledge. Usually at student that is aware of how to write an accounting essay does not need more than a few days to obtain research materials for an A Grade paper.

After you have obtained enough research materials, you should organise those materials to ensure the writing process is made easier. It is not wise to inundate yourself with research materials only a few days before the material is due. It is prudent to underline or highlight those areas that you think are most easy to keep track of. Learning how to write an accounting essay involves having a sharp eye over details and numbers – you don’t want to miscalculate an equation.

The Writing Stage

Accounting essays do not differ much from other essays. As a broad rule, you should ensure you keep your prose tight and concise. You should ensure that your writing is free of any unnecessary clutter or excessive quotations from others. In other words, you should be straight to the point. It is essential that you use the Financial Reporting Standards in addition to the International Accounting Standards.
The executive summary and introduction: An executive summary must have an overall view of the essay or report’s underlying points. It should act as a marketing guide in a sense because it’s intended to capture the audience’s attention. The introduction instead is meant to serve as a starting point. Your accounting essay should state the overall idea and theme of your essay.

The Body of your Accounting Essay: Strong analytical skills are fundamental to writing an accounting essay. The reason for the importance of analytical skills is that that play a pivotal role in interpreting accounting equations. The body of your essay should present the facts and equations used to reach your accounting conclusions. References should be used, if possible, to provide for citations in your essay when you have instructed upon a piece of advice. You should ensure you follow the specified referencing format.

The Conclusion: After putting your arguments forward, a well-written conclusion is the key to obtaining that 1st Class grade. In order for your essay or report to remain in the memory of the marker you should end your essay with a memorable conclusion. Accounting of course involves more than just simply regurgitating certain facts. You must know how make relevant financial interpretations based on the accounting conclusions you have reached.
The Source List and Appendix: This part of your accounting essay or accounting paper should contain a list of all the research materials you have used in your essay or report. To be sure, list books you even read without citing in the body of the essay.

A Guide on Architecture Essay Writing

Being an architecture student is difficult. Being aware of how to write an architecture essay is fundamental to your college career. When writing an architecture essay that demonstrates a strong knowledge of a certain academic area, you need to ensure your essay is researched and cited adequately. Architecture is a broad academic domain and generally is intended to include any structure that is developed in an empty space. However, when learning how to write an architecture essay, you will soon learn that architecture is indeed a broad area of academia, intertwining historical, anthropological, or psychological facts.

Getting Started in Your Architecture Essay

When you are learning how to write an architecture essay, The Uni Tutor offers a comprehensive academic guide to writing architecture essays. Since architecture is such a diverse field, our essay writers at The Uni Tutor advise that your first narrow the scope of your essay. This can be done by dividing by location, style, or historical period. The topic you choose should be carefully researched to create a persuasive and compelling essay. We are aware that students are knowledgeable about the fact that the study of the aesthetics of a structure are highly contextual in which the works are developed.

Planning

The next step for college students in ascertaining the difficult skill in writing an architecture essay is to determine the style for the essay. In the experience of The Uni Tutor, most architectural research pieces are analytical and require the presentation of factual information. A persuasive architectural essay allows you to effectively communicate your arguments and conclusions when drafting your essay.
After you have decided upon an essay paper style, then creating an essay outline will be beneficial. The Uni Tutor has hundreds of architectural experts. It is essential that you judge which facts and figures you will employ in your thesis. It is of course obvious that your facts need to be organised into relevant, structured paragraphs. Each paragraph or section must have a particular objective. The more structured your essay paper, the higher your grades. Now, onto the next step: writing your essay.

Writing your Essay

When you commence writing your research thesis paper, you must start with writing an introductory paragraph. The introduction in an architectural essay should be not any longer than five or six sentences. It needs to be catchy and informative. A catchy title will give your architectural essay bonus marks. You should also paraphrase intellectual complex ideas when you learn how to write your architectural essay. The body of your essay should have separate paragraphs. Each body section of your essay should separate the ideas and arguments.

Now, since you have learned how to write an architectural essay, you should ensure you gain top marks by developing original thoughts and arguments. The main body of the architectural thesis should demonstrate the essay writer’s skill in constructing an intellectually skilled and well-researched paper. In the body you should make it clear that you have put in a great deal of research and that is well-organised.

Conclusion

In conclusion (no pun intended), an essay writer that has developed A Grade skills in learning how to write an architecture essay, should state again in their conclusion their thesis papers main argument. Conclusions are intended to provide an overall summary of the main arguments of the essay. In addition, conclusions are also an ideal section in your architectural essay to add more original parting thoughts. It is ideal to end your essay with an emotion appeal that will keep you in the heart and minds of the readers.

Assistance to Business Essay writing

Do you want to learn how to write a business essay in subjects like Management, Finance, Marketing and others? Well, there are certain guidelines that will help you to develop an essay which is coherent, perceptive and totally credible. An important consideration in learning how to write a business essay is that it provides related content and the opinions being supported qualified references or examples. The overall management, essay design and usage of suitable language are totally indispensable. Breaking down the whole procedure of learning how to write a business essay into dissimilar phases makes it less palling. Hence, you can easily meet all the expectations.

Important factors to consider when learning how to write a business essay include:

1. Examine the Essay Question:

Establish the essay question or title to be deal with. Examine wordings for the exercises and the approach required. Common keywords that frequently appear in business questions comprise analyse, discuss, illustrate, describe, discuss, interpret, compare, examine, criticise and review. A question like ‘describe how the use of the internet may affect an organisation’s Marketing Mix’ may involve a completely exhaustive presentation of issues in addition to an investigation for the implications. This topic implies ‘discussing’, so that you may have to review all the key arguments and then provide reasons for and against the argument. In such a case, you should compose the individual essay question and then select a topic which interests you. If you apply this, your essay writing procedure will naturally engage you. Once you do that, narrow down your ideas so that only a single fundamental idea is discussed with regard to the topic.

2. Research Material to be used for the Business Essay
A high-quality research is very essential when developing an understanding on how to write a business paper. If you research on how to write a business essay paper by use of the library or internet, you should constantly select any needed information through acceptable academic resources. Such resources include but are not limited to case studies, articles from official journals and scholarly work on the subject matter. Academic sites like http://scholar.google.com, http://questia.com and http://emeraldinsight.com offer different resources in endless business topics on how to write a business essay.

Market Research may broaden an individual’s stage for their primary research. Surveys and interviews are some of the most outstanding techniques used for obtaining content that is directly related to the essay title or question. Conducting research and making notes from resources which you’ve compiled and then organising that into the required outline will eventually allow you to keep a track record on some of the specific points. It is important to include details of the sources of information such as the title, author, publisher, page numbers, date and place of publication so that you may give them credit if you happen to utilise their information in your essay.

3. Make an outline on ‘how to write a business essay’
Develop a good outline plan for your essay. Such an outline will effectively help you to organise all the major ideas and arguments so that they presented in the most logical sequence. If at all you are straining to develop the essay outline you don’t have to worry because our assignment writing service has a formidable solution. Jot down the key points which you may want to include in the introduction, body and ending of your essay. Employing this process will help you to explode several ideas and also assist you in digesting and analysing details which you’ve collected in learning how to write a business essay.

How to Write a Business Essay

It’s advisable to start with an initial draft of the essay according to the outline structure when learning how to write a business essay. Try your best to use precise, clear and constructive business terminology and language in relaying your ideas. Nonetheless, avoid the use of jargon. An example of a befitting format on how to write a business essay is given below. Depending on the essay, some points are applicable while others aren’t.

Preface – This is indispensable in learning how to write a business essay. Summarise your understanding for the essay question as well as comment about how it will be addressed. Describe all objectives of essay so that you can establish the scope of the essay, set the goals you want to attain and draw a clear conclusion. You may also incorporate definitions of some particular business terms for the sake of the reader’s comprehension and understanding.

Background – In the format of learning how to write a business essay, this is the second point. You should give some speculation about a common topic that you want to analyse particularly if you are doing a case study.

Findings – Citations to be used should be noted here with respect to the University’s guidelines e.g. MLA, APA and Harvard among others. Use quotation marks to indicate for an item picked from a particular source. If you have to summarise then consider providing a reference at the end of the paraphrased sentence/s. The number of references to be used will depend on the nature, length and University requirements of the essay. As a general rule, 10 references for 1,000 words is acceptable.

Conclusion– This is the last item on learning how to write a business essay format. A student should arrive at the conclusion of their business essay with massive logical reasoning by pulling together any discussions; starting with the body of the business essay. All points of view should be clearly stated and then make sure that the end result answers the question stated in the preface. The final section of the conclusion should be used to express recommendations for further investigation or future action.

References List/ Bibliography – In case you use the Harvard style for purposes of referencing, clearly follow the list of references urequired in the essay in an alphabetical order. If you happened to use footnotes on every page, include them in the bibliography.

Appendices– This section primarily consists of the supportive materials used in text, graphs and charts that have been used to develop the main body of the business essay.

Proofreading & Editing the Business Essay
Print your initial draft and the carefully examine it. Use a checklist to help you note up any grammatical or stylistic errors, development areas and pathetic arguments. A model checklist on how to write a business essay may include answers to these questions:
• Have you answered the essay question?
• Has material been given in a logical order?
• Is the business essay content accurate, timely and relevant?
• Have you explained all the main points through arguments and examples?
• Have you enlisted the references to all sources used?
• Is your language clear and concise?
• Is your work correctly punctuated and free of spelling mistakes?

Amend any part of the business that are not appealing, including making corrections on punctuation and spelling errors. Proofread and then edit the essay until you are satisfied that you’ve offered your best. At this point, you would have developed a clear understanding on how to write a business essay, and thus your essay is perfectly complete.

The writing of brand management essays is principally unique because they take a dissimilar course of writing from the traditional essay writing and development of marketing projects. Even though the basic premises and terminologies used are the same, the whole idea brand management takes uses a different approach. This can be clearly demonstrated in writing the paper. A student who is learning how to write a marketing essay for the first time is likely to find it difficult to do so. As a result, they may require assistance in writing from professionals. For instance, The Uni Tutor offers an essay writing service where all project requirements are take care of.

When acquiring knowledge on how to write a brand management essay, the basic in the difference between a brand and a product is crucial. As a marketer’s approach for product offers to customers becomes different, the brand strategies and approaches are also different. A brand has to be portrayed in a unique approach that suits it. A Brand usually takes a relatively long time to develop and a result, the marketing approaches are different from the case of traditional marketing.

When you start writing a brand management paper, you should identify the brand and differentiate it from different products in the same category. In other words, the student should provide a rationale as to why a given brand is referred to as a ‘brand’, not a product. The Uni Tutor provides a strong thesis and a rationale for the paper that a student may not manage to write correctly in their first attempt of learning how to write a brand management essay. Brands like Spencer, Marks and Colgate are renowned. However, such an elaboration is not enough without providing a proper definition of a brand in the business perspective. You also need to know the quality of a brand and the criteria with which differentiate it from a product.

The second rationale you need to have in mind when coming up with a paper on brand management is to identify the purpose for which a particular brand has been developed for associated with. If a brand is failing then you must develop your brand management paper with a positive bias towards reasons of brand failure. Similarly, some papers could be involved in comparing and studying successful brands and the reasons behind why they have succeeded in staying tops in the market.

In gaining an understanding on how to write a brand management essay, the third component is introduction of the company, its foundation, when the brand appeared, brand evolution and the current place and position of the brand, the goodness of that brand the financial equity attained by the company from that brand. All CSR activities associated with that brand should be enumerated as well. Our research writers have what it takes to research and organize the different components of a brand management paper, thus distilling unmatched quality and important information from ineffectual facts.

Another important thing to consider when writing a brand management essay is studying the brand itself. The brand should be studied in extensively from its name and icon to the product features including its unique selling proposition. Different classifications under which that brand falls such as umbrella brand should be understood also. Different events the brand’s life cycle should also be analysed critically with respect to these components.

Comprehensive PESTEL and SWOT in searching for areas of improvement is inescapable as far as brand management essays are concerned. The Uni Tutor is potentially invaluable here as it is done through a student’s research work. The previous sections are used to create aspects of introduction and the literature review of the management brand paper or report. The other portion is research work that’s created under materials and methods along with the questions posed in that research. Such items are clarified in this portion along with identification of the usable methods and statistical analysis techniques. The student learning how to write management brand essays should also highlight similar research findings in the same topic and implore the significance of the topic under study. Significance must be perfectly aligned with the theory and hypothesis. Any questions raised throughout the report must show a great deal of consistency.

A student learning how to write a paper on brand management should also limit the number of research questions. This helps the student to focus on the selected questions better while creating more compelling results that aid in attaining better grades. Nonetheless, the research shouldn’t be too narrow to the extent of ignoring the brand’s bigger picture. If anything, a brand is a very universal phenomenon just like any other product in the market. Brand analysis requires the use of marketing strategies that are unique to every brand. References to various strategic tools used in marketing and the reasons why they are considered as comparatively more suitable than others should be clearly explained. Because are several marketing tools in availability, the student writing a brand management essay should select a small set of tools that will enable them to focus on the study. Thus, the student can align their paper very easily.

Results obtained from research are then used to formulate the results section. Perhaps this is the most important part of the process of brand management paper writing. Relevant findings should also be highlighted. With many brands, this usually translates to consumer behaviour and reactions to particular changes in the brand, attitudes and perceptions to some brands and the way they influence decision making. Results may also require a graphical presentation which gives a more vivid look that makes results much easier to comprehend. In other cases there is need to include additional statistics and tables in annexure form in order to clearly indicate the situation and trends in brand equity.

The next step is analysis of results via discussion of pertinent findings and then comparing them to relevant existing literature. There is usually a comparison between the performance of a brand in one era and another. The influence of various factors like ambassadors, new brand managers as well mergers and acquisitions play a great role. A different set of comparisons between competing brands and the way they create a differentiation from the brand on focus is also drawn.

Suggestions and recommendations are also given based on an extensive marketing analysis carried out at the introduction, literature review, and brand management essay writing stages. The Uni Tutor comprehensively provides such analyses to its clients. The suggestions and recommendations identified are entirely based on scientific prediction methods. In order to give such suggestions credibility, the student should compare similar strategies used by other brands before discussing their individual outcomes. The student is also required to critique their own recommendations by way of highlighting the key booby traps that ought to be avoided.

The section of conclusions helps to culminate all brand report information and the conclusions arrived at in a very concise manner. This helps to create direction in other areas of research in future. When learning how to write a brand management essay, a student should apply critical thinking and analysis exceptionally based on statistics facts in order to create a quality brand paper. The management brand paper being created should make the reader to think that the writer owns that brand. The student should also highlight brand concerns and images from the customers’ point of view so that the customer actually buys the brand.

In ratiocination, a student must include both market and company points of view when learning how to write a brand management essay. The essays should be thoroughly proofread before submission in order to avoid simple mistakes. Since it’s not easy to proofread one’s own work, you can request you friend to proofread your paper or seek the help of a professional service for evaluative critiquing, proofreading and editing.

Student guide to write art essay

How to Examine Creativity

One thing that makes an art essay to appear different from all other writing assignments is that you may encounter unique challenges when writing. For instance, you’ll be tested to establish whether you can justify your work through thorough analysis. In essence, you are expected to use words to explain the meanings of various images. When you start learning how to write and art essay it is expected you should grapple with the language and semantics of the craft in question. The knowledge of all the terms and applicable precepts is also paramount when learning how to write an art essay.

On obtaining the skills required when learning how to write an art essay, you should also describe the image therein properly before offering a complete description. You should also offer a valid defence for your own point of perception. Whether your paper is a building, sculpture or painting, your paper should contain organized descriptions on different aspects of your artwork. You also need to be versed with the exact thing you are expected to say with regard to the specific topic. You also need to analyse your work with a high degree of accuracy. In addition to that, when learning how to write an art essay, you should properly describe the artwork you’ve selected.

Types of Art Writings

Sylvan Barnet has identified five types of papers. It is important for you to gain an understanding of these types of papers as you are learning how to write an art essay. This will help you to fully understand and adhere to the instructor’s expectations, and soon enough you will know how to write an art essay with ease. You may decide to use of these styles for brainstorming and exploration of other ideas for your assignment topic if it’s at your discretion.

(a)The Sociological Essay – it analyses a specific epoch in history and also suggests how that epoch influences your topic of discussion. There is a possibility of raising general questions with regard to social influences such as economic effects on the art, the challenges faced by a woman seeking recognition in that area and much more. For instance, your essay may focus on the influence of Walker Evans’ rural farm photography to understand how to write an art essay on the deep desire of Roosevelt to develop Farm Security Administration.

(b) Image Writing – Also referred to as iconography, it is the type of writing that defines images through in-depth exploration of various symbols noted in the selection of an artwork. For example, the author may point subjects to Rembrandt’s “The Assassin” as the formidable citizens of Holland. However, a thorough critical examination of the painting symbols may reveal that characters in that painting could be identified as saints.

(c)Formal Analysis – The student who wants to learn how to write an art essay is asked to examine more formal aspects of a particular work of art before developing a dialogue with respect to these parts in some creative or unique fashion that helps others to see clearly and understand the artwork under examination.

(d)Biographical Essay – it enables the writer who is learning how to write an art essay to critically examine the personal life of the artist and determine how this influences their work. Barnet provides an example of this: how Ansel Adams influenced Harry Callahan’s photography career.

(e)The Iconological Essay – potentially known as the study of an image. It uses a variety literary examples and texts to interpret some selected pieces of art work. The person who has learned how to write an art essay may decide to use some ancient renditions of different Greek mythological tales to enlighten the readers on image representations of the myth as depicted in different archaic classes of Greek art.

Strategies Prior to Writing the Essay

• The medium – Determine the principles applied by the artist in selecting a specific medium along with the advantages and limitations.
• Use of lines – Does the artist use light or heavy lines? Do those lines run horizontally or vertically? Could the lines be straight or curved? Is there a specific outcome expected as a result of using these lines?
• Coloration – Does the artist involve the use realistic or expressive colours? Does the used colour give sense of warmth or coldness? Are the colours subdued or bright? What overall effect do these colours cause?
• Light – In which way is light employed by the artist? Are shadows involved? Is there an interaction or play between the two? What message is communicated by the work to the audience?
• Space – Do you find any sense of space in the selected work? Does the visual plane indicate great depth or it’s shallow? What arrangement of shapes is used within the framework of this particular work of art? In which way does application of sense impact subjects of the artist? How may use of space impact on your response to the art paper?
• Style – Are there some elements that identify the specific style used by the artist in that art paper? Is that style common or unique to a given period of time?
• Composition – Are there formal elements or aspects in that art essay that interact along with each other? Does composition of that work of art convey its theme or idea? Does the composition make your eye to travel in a coherent manner throughout that work of art? Does the composition of that art influence the movement? These are all questions you want to ask in order to understand how to write an art essay.
• Context – Anyone who is learning how to write an art essay must always examine the context of that work. Find out when it was painted, the artist behind that work and where the work was completed. How has history or culture influenced that work? Does that work of art address some specific cultural or historical concerns? As you learn how to write an art essay, consider writing down all the questions that you want to answer within your essay’s scope. Such questions will definitely guide you through your examination of the existing sources of similar works. Consider examining any available brochures or documentation in possession of the museum or gallery.

Advice to Writers
Students with a desire of learning how to write an art essay may approach the work in the same way they write any ordinary academic paper. You must stay focused on the topic that, including creating a sentence for the thesis. You should also settle on some specific structure. As usual, you should employ proper organisation and grammatical expressions with absolute clarity. And once you’ve learned how to write an art essay, you should also understand and cautiously use the conventions applied in the world of art. If you find it difficult, please have a look at our assignment writing service. Nonetheless, below are a few tips which you may consider in writing your own art essay:

• Rather than just describing your work, analyse it properly. A common complaint from many university professors is that most students normally describe artwork without having a careful consideration of the argument they want to out across. The ultimate purpose of your writing is paramount when learning how to write an art essay. Carefully select an outline of details in your description and let them illustrate your art essay. A common format regularly used by students that have learned how to write an art essay involves constructing the paper in a manner that the actual topic or theme sentence is easily located in the essay. A traditional student is usually trained to construct their compositions in a manner that the opening paragraph becomes the holder of the topical sentence. Once you know how to write an art essay, you will definitely recognise why it’s essential to make sure that all your details are categorically selected and logical. In order to exceptionally build on the main point, you must start with a careful selection of primary ideas.

• What about the structure of your writing? When learning how to write an art essay, in case you want to discuss a specific movement of art, you may actually desire to use a very chronological format. However, you should consider using the spatial format in order to produce a highly chronological art essay.

• Avoid the use of “I” in any qualitative piece or writing. Students who have articulately mastered how to write an art essay will tell you that using “I” will practically detract you from your efforts of creating a formal piece of an art essay. Of course this does not mean that your opinion is useless. However, your opinion must be put down in a very scholarly manner. Rather than focusing on your opinion to your work of art, focus on explaining your response to the art essay.